Annotated Bibliography
Poropat, A. E. (2009). A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance. Psychological Bulletin, 135(2), 322–338. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014996
Poropat combines the results of many earlier studies of personality and academic performance, with cumulative samples of over 70,000 students. He finds that conscientiousness is linked to grades about as strongly as intelligence is. Because it pools so many studies, it is a strong source for the size of the link, though it can only show an association, not a cause. I use it to support my claim that study habits deserve as much attention as ability in first-year support programmes.